Analyzing the effects of research and development activities on the development of the knowledge economy (Selected countries: case study)

Abstract

The basic elements of efficiency in the science, technology and innovation sector are traditionally embedded in the capabilities of institutions, to educate the scientific and technological workforce, technical knowledge and skills, approving research and development outcomes in order to develop new products and production processes. Research and development has become one of the qualitative production elements affecting the shift towards the dynamics of the knowledge economy environment, as a source of enhancing competitive advantage structures and thus economic growth. There was a relationship between spending on the research and development sector and economic growth in the long term. The research aims to analyze the implications of the economics of research and development and its impact on developing the knowledge economy environment. The research involves studying the impact of research and development activities on developing the knowledge economy environment, with spatial boundaries represented by selected Arab countries, including Iraq, and temporal boundaries represented by the period 2010-2021. The research problem is reflected in the decline in spending on research and development activities as a percentage of GDP, which leads to an exacerbation of the size of the technology gap.