Green Chemistry Approaches For The Synthesis Of Bioactive Pyrimidine Derivatives

Abstract

The growing concerns over environmental pollution, resource depletion, and hazardous waste generation have prompted a paradigm shift in synthetic chemistry toward sustainable and eco-friendly methodologies. Green chemistry offers a set of principles aimed at reducing or eliminating the use and generation of toxic substances while enhancing process efficiency. Pyrimidine derivatives, as an important class of heterocyclic compounds, have attracted significant attention due to their diverse pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, anticancer, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities. This review/study highlights recent advances in the green synthesis of bioactive pyrimidine derivatives employing environmentally benign solvents, renewable feedstocks, energy-efficient techniques, and catalyst systems. Emphasis is placed on solvent-free synthesis, microwave-assisted and ultrasound-assisted methods, aqueous medium reactions, and the use of biocatalysts and recyclable heterogeneous catalysts. These approaches not only minimize environmental impact but also improve reaction yields, reduce reaction times, and simplify product purification. The integration of green chemistry principles into pyrimidine synthesis provides a promising pathway for developing novel bioactive molecules while ensuring environmental sustainability.