Development of Hindi Criticism and the Bharatendu Era

Abstract

Criticism is the touchstone of literature, determining its quality, value, human sensitivity, and its contribution to societal welfare. The tradition of criticism in Hindi literature began to emerge during the Riti period. From Keshavdas, Chintamani, Bhikhari Das, and Nabhadas, this tradition became more refined in modern Hindi literature. Pioneers like Bharatendu Harishchandra, Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, and Acharya Ramchandra Shukla stand as foundational pillars in the development and expansion of Hindi criticism. In the early phase of modern Hindi literature, Bharatendu emerges as a robust and incisive critic, thinker, and editor. This research paper explores the development and expansion of this tradition of Hindi criticism during the Bharatendu era.