Social Inclusion and Empowerment: Bridging the Gap for Marginalized Populations.

Abstract

Marginalized populations across the globe including persons with disabilities, indigenous communities, low-income groups, women in patriarchal societies, caste/tax-based minorities, and rural/remote populations face systemic exclusion from economic, social, political, and cultural spheres. This article explores the dual concepts of social inclusion and empowerment as inter-linked pathways for bridging these exclusionary gaps. After conceptualising inclusion and empowerment, the article reviews empirical evidence of barriers to inclusion, examines frameworks and mechanisms for empowerment, discusses policy and programme strategies, and identifies persistent challenges. The study argues that a multi-level, intersectional, and structural approach is required: one that combines capability building, enabling environments, participatory governance, and resource-access. Finally, the paper outlines a research and action agenda to foster inclusive societies in line with the Sustainable Development Goals.