Electrochemical Biosensors: Mechanism and Applications

Abstract

Presently, the extensive variety of biomaterials and their broad range of applications have broadened the scope of these materials. Biomaterials are integrated into biosensing platforms to create devices characterized by high sensitivity and specificity, rapid detection capabilities, portability, cost-effectiveness, and user-friendly operation. The limelight of this review focus on potential role and applications of bio based electrochemical sensors. The eMIP/PB/SPCE-based lactate sensors demonstrate significant promise as point-of-care (POC) devices for detecting sweat lactate. This technology could be adapted for reagent-free detection of a wide range of molecules. We discussed a dual-trigger and reusable electrochemical biosensor for microRNA. It achieved sequential signal amplification by integrating CHA and tripedal walker mechanisms. The tripedal DNA walker was activated through APE1 enzymatic cleavage reactions. Strand displacement was engineered for electrode regeneration and optimizing signal strength. It effectively discriminates the target from other interfering RNAs and enables detection in serum. This study introduces an innovative non-invasive electrochemical biosensor designed for detecting glucose concentration in human saliva. The biosensor utilizes a nickel foam substrate decorated with needle-like CoO nanowires, providing an optimal surface area for nanowire growth. These nanowires form a self-assembled flower-like nanostructure with a highly porous configuration, featuring an impressive BET surface area of 154.3 m2 g−1 and demonstrating excellent catalytic capabilities.