Seismic Vulnerability of Steel Structures on Soft Ground: Analysis, Failure Modes, and Future Directions

Abstract

Steel structures are widely used in seismic regions due to their strength and resilience, but their performance can be significantly compromised when built on soft ground. This review paper examines the seismic vulnerabilities of steel structures in soft soil environments, with a focus on soil-structure interaction (SSI), dynamic response, failure modes, and risk factors. The paper highlights the amplification of seismic forces on soft ground and the challenges this poses to structural integrity, including foundation failure, excessive displacement, and damage to steel connections. Recent advancements in seismic analysis, including experimental studies, computational modeling, and the integration of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning, have led to improved understanding and mitigation strategies. The review also discusses current building codes and standards, identifying gaps in addressing the specific needs of steel structures on soft ground. Finally, the paper proposes directions for future research, emphasizing the development of more accurate SSI models, innovative foundation solutions, and performance-based seismic design approaches. The findings aim to enhance the seismic resilience of steel structures and inform the development of more effective building codes for soft ground conditions.