Visibility Evaluation Of Open Space Vs. Building Arrangement Using Simplified Area Evaluation Technique

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between building arrangements and the visibility of open spaces using a simplified area evaluation technique. Visibility in urban environments is a crucial factor that influences natural surveillance, privacy, social interaction, and overall quality of life. Traditional visibility analyses often focus on qualitative observations; however, this research adopts a quantitative approach to measure visual accessibility. A hypothetical urban site was modeled with multiple building configurations, including linear, L-shaped, U-shaped, S-type, and rectangular forms. Using digital tools such as DepthmapX, AutoCAD, and SketchUp, simulations were conducted to calculate the percentage of visible open space from various building facades. Results revealed that the L-shaped arrangement provided the highest visibility (63%), while more enclosed or parallel rectangular configurations resulted in reduced openness (34–46%). The findings highlight that spatial morphology strongly influences visual connectivity, shaping residents’ experience of openness and privacy. The proposed simplified area evaluation method proves to be efficient, accessible, and adaptable for preliminary urban design processes, particularly for students and practitioners seeking to optimize spatial layouts without relying on highly complex computational tools. By linking visibility with perceptual conviviality and well-being, this study contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable and livable urban environments. Future phases of this research will integrate shading and microclimatic factors to complement visibility analysis, offering a more comprehensive framework for design decisions that balance environmental performance, social needs, and architectural form.