Pharmacognostic, Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical Screening of Echinochloa Frumentacea For Its Anti-Bacterial Activity

Abstract

Bacterial infection is highly spread in all over the world at a large scale and very common in now a day. microbial infections are a very severe and dangerous infection which can cause harmful effects. Echinochloa frumentacea is a millet, capable to show antibacterial activity. It is known as Sawa rice, Shyama rice, vratkechawal and belongs to Poaceae family. It is cultivated in Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. Highly nutritional rich and full of dietary fibres (12.8%), Proteins (10.1%), Carbohydrates (68.8%), fat (3.9%), Irons(5mg), Phosphorus(281mg) are present in millet. Extraction of millet was done by Soxhlet apparatus and observe that the ethanolic extraction of millet has yield percentage comparison to aqueous extraction. Anti-bacterial testing was done by the Disc diffusion method and check the effectiveness of plant extract by calculating zone of inhibition against both strain of bacteria E. coli. Ethanolic extraction of millet have high zone of inhibition comparison to aqueous against EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic bacteria) and ETEC (Enter toxicogenic bacteria). For the testing of antibacterial activity of millet Echinochloa frumentacea, 2 different extraction was used, Ethanolic and Aqueous extraction. The yield percentage of ethanolic extraction was higher than aqueous extraction used Disc diffusion method and also measure the zone of inhibition. By performing the phytochemical test, indicated the presence of glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, amino acids etc. according to the zone of inhibition report, Ethanolic extraction of millet has higher antibacterial activity on both bacteria strain of E. coli (EHEC and ETEC). MIC for ethanolic extraction on EHEC was 0.5mg/ml, for aqueous 1mg/ml, for ethanolic extraction on ETEC was 0.5mg/ml, for aqueous 1mg/ml.